Which of the following controls represent a control over cash that is unique to cash accounts?

Which of the following controls represent a control over cash that is unique to cash accounts?

a. Separation of duties.
b. Restrictive endorsements of customer checks.
c. Periodic internal audits.
d. Competent, well-trained employees.










Answer: B

Which of the following terms best defines this scenario? The employee steals a payment from Customer X. To cover the theft, the employee applies a payment from Customer Y to Customer X's account. Before Customer Y has time to notice that its account has not been properly credited, the employee applies a payment from Customer Z to Customer Y's account.

Which of the following terms best defines this scenario? The employee steals a payment from Customer X. To cover the theft, the employee applies a payment from Customer Y to Customer X's account. Before Customer Y has time to notice that its account has not been properly credited, the employee applies a payment from Customer Z to Customer Y's account.

a. Skimming.
b. Kiting.
c. Collateralizing.
d. Lapping.








Answer: D

Affirmative answers to which of the following questions would lead the auditor to assess fraud risk at a higher level for cash or other liquid assets?

Affirmative answers to which of the following questions would lead the auditor to assess fraud risk at a higher level for cash or other liquid assets?

a. Is an individual with access to cash or its recording experiencing financial or personal distress?
b. Is an individual with access to cash or its recording being compensated at amount that he or she might consider low?
c. Is the company in potential violation of its debt covenants?
d. Is cash physically available to employees?
e. All of the above.








Answer: E

Which of the following questions would be relevant for an inherent risk analysis questionnaire related to cash?

Which of the following questions would be relevant for an inherent risk analysis questionnaire related to cash?

a. Does the company have significant cash flow problems in meeting its current obligations on a timely basis?
b. Are cash transactions properly authorized?
c. Are bank reconciliations performed on a timely basis by personnel independent of processing?
d. Does the internal audit department conduct timely reviews of the cash management and cash handling process?
e. All of the above.








Answer: A

Inherent risk for cash is usually assessed as high for which of the following reasons?

Inherent risk for cash is usually assessed as high for which of the following reasons?

a. The volume of transactions flowing through cash accounts throughout the year makes the account more susceptible to error.
b. The cash account is more susceptible to fraud because cash is liquid and easily transferable.
c. The electronic transfer of cash and the automated controls over cash are such that if errors are built into computer programs, they will be repeated on a large volume of transactions.
d. Cash can be easily manipulated.
e. All of the above.










Answer: E

Which of the following assertions is relevant to whether the cash balances reflect the true underlying economic value of those assets?

Which of the following assertions is relevant to whether the cash balances reflect the true underlying economic value of those assets?

a. Existence or occurrence.
b. Completeness.
c. Rights and obligations.
d. Valuation and allocation.
e. All of the above.







Answer: D

Which of the following assertions is relevant to whether the company has title to the cash accounts as of the balance sheet date?

Which of the following assertions is relevant to whether the company has title to the cash accounts as of the balance sheet date?

a. Existence or occurrence.
b. Completeness.
c. Rights and obligations.
d. Valuation and allocation.
e. All of the above.







Answer: C

Which of the following is the most relevant assertion with regards to the audit of cash?

Which of the following is the most relevant assertion with regards to the audit of cash? 

A. Existence
B. Rights and Obligations
C. Valuation and allocation.
D. Presentation and disclosure.









Answer: A

The ease with which cash can be stolen is most related to which of the following risks?

The ease with which cash can be stolen is most related to which of the following risks? 

A. Control Risk
B. Inherent Risk
C. Detection Risk
D. Liquidity Risk






Answer: B

How will the auditor most likely utilize the bank reconciliation as evidence in the audit of cash?

How will the auditor most likely utilize the bank reconciliation as evidence in the audit of cash? 

A. The auditor sends the reconciliation to the bank for independent verification.
B. The auditor performs the reconciliation for the client to record the proper cash balance.
C. The auditor traces the book balance of the reconciliation to the cut-off bank statement.
D. The auditor tests deposits-in-transit and outstanding items to other corroborating evidence.








Answer: D

Which of the following describes documents that accompany customer payments to help the clerk identify the payments?

Which of the following describes documents that accompany customer payments to help the clerk identify the payments? 

A. Receipts such as register tapes
B. Accommodation certificates such as authenticated customer tokens
C. Turnaround documents such as remittance advices
D. Checks stamped with restrictive endorsements such as customer signatures









Answer: C

Which one of the following is not a fundamental internal control the auditor would expect to find in place for a cash processing system?

Which one of the following is not a fundamental internal control the auditor would expect to find in place for a cash processing system? 

A. Segregation of duties
B. Electronic Payments
C. Authorization of transactions
D. Periodic internal audits







Answer: B

The cash account is significant to the auditor for which of the following reasons?

The cash account is significant to the auditor for which of the following reasons? 

A. The cash account is the culmination of a large volume of transactions.
B. The cash account is not as susceptible to fraud as most other accounts.
C. Cash is the only account that provides opportunity for fraud.
D. Automated systems do not possess the capability to maintain strong internal controls over cash.







Answer: A

The cut-off bank statement is used by the auditor to address which of the following concerns?

The cut-off bank statement is used by the auditor to address which of the following concerns? 

A. Lapping
B. Kiting
C. Omitting outstanding checks on reconciliations
D. All of the above







Answer: C

A common accounts receivable fraud is lapping. More sophisticated accounts receivable frauds involve

A common accounts receivable fraud is lapping. More sophisticated accounts receivable frauds involve

A. using journal entries to write off accounts against the allowance for doubtful accounts.
B. applying cash from one customer's receivable to that of another to cover the earlier deficit.
C. recording large discounts for the clients.
D. both A and C.








Answer: D

As cash processing systems become more automated and integrated, the general concept of segregation of duties

As cash processing systems become more automated and integrated, the general concept of segregation of duties

A. becomes less important.
B. becomes more important.
C. does not change.
D. becomes completely computerized without human interaction.









Answer: C

Clark Company has two bank accounts. In the table below, which of the transfers listed would indicate possible kiting between Bank A and Bank B? Bank A Dep. Bank A Dep. Bank B Tran. Bank B Tran. Per Books Per Bank Per Books Per Bank

Clark Company has two bank accounts. In the table below, which of the transfers listed would indicate possible kiting between Bank A and Bank B?
Bank A Dep. Bank A Dep. Bank B Tran. Bank B Tran.
Per Books Per Bank Per Books Per Bank

A. 12/29/01 1/2/02 1/2/02 1/3/02

B. 12/30/01 1/3/02 12/31/01 1/2/02

C. 1/4/02 1/2/02 1/2/02 1/4/02

D. 12/31/01 12/31/02 12/30/01 1/3/02










Answer: A

The logical place to begin the study of how power is distributed in U.S. politics is

The logical place to begin the study of how power is distributed in U.S. politics is

a. the Constitutional Convention and events leading up to it.
b. your local town hall or courthouse.
c. the day-to-day lives of Americans.
d. the pages of this morning's newspaper.
e. the Civil War.









Answer: A

According to the text, before making judgments about institutions and interests, we must first observe them

According to the text, before making judgments about institutions and interests, we must first observe them

a. from a disinterested vantage point.
b. as manifestations of underlying economic relationships.
c. firsthand.
d. on a variety of different issues.
e. through the lenses of bureaucrats.









Answer: D

The kinds of answers that political scientists usually give to the fundamental political questions tend to be

The kinds of answers that political scientists usually give to the fundamental political questions tend to be

a. highly abstract and speculative.
b. clear, concrete, and consistent.
c. partial, contingent, and controversial.
d. qualified to the point of unintelligibility.
e. empirical and void of theory.








Answer: C

The fact that people have been willing to die over competing views of the public interest suggests that

The fact that people have been willing to die over competing views of the public interest suggests that

a. such views are more than mere window dressing.
b. politics concerns who gets what, when, where, and how.
c. delusions are central to the political process.
d. human nature is fundamentally inconsistent.
e. political issues are rarely understood.





Answer: A

American foreign policy, according to the text, tends to alternate between

American foreign policy, according to the text, tends to alternate between

a. cold wars and hot wars.
b. idealism and realism.
c. bipolarism and multilateralism.
d. interventions and isolationism.
e. realism and existentialism.









Answer: D

Ronald Reagan's policy initiatives on social and economic problems sought to

Ronald Reagan's policy initiatives on social and economic problems sought to

a. return citizens' assumptions to what they had been during World War II.
b. make the government more efficient and capable of addressing social problems.
c. broaden government's social net for the truly needy.
d. move the United States into the front rank of nations involved in forward social planning.
e. return citizens' assumptions to what they had been before the 1930s.








Answer: E

The text suggests _________ theory "does the most to reassure one that America has been, and continues to be, a democracy in more than name."

The text suggests _________ theory "does the most to reassure one that America has been, and continues to be, a democracy in more than name."

a. Marxist
b. bureaucratic
c. pluralist
d. power elite
e. Weberian









Answer: C

A pluralist might agree with all of the following statements except

A pluralist might agree with all of the following statements except

a. political resources are not equally divided.
b. mass opinion and the interests of citizens are irrelevant to policy making.
c. political resources are divided among different kinds of elites.
d. elites are not a united front.
e. policies are the outcome of complex patterns of haggling, compromises and shifting alliances.









Answer: B

The view that money, expertise, prestige, and so forth are widely scattered throughout our society in the hands of a variety of groups is known as the

The view that money, expertise, prestige, and so forth are widely scattered throughout our society in the hands of a variety of groups is known as the

a. pluralist view of American society.
b. economic theory of democracy.
c. elitist view of American society.
d. dispersed power theory of American politics.
e. monetary displacement theory of American politics.







Answer: A

Weber's theory suggests it would be wise for scholars who want to study power to focus on

Weber's theory suggests it would be wise for scholars who want to study power to focus on

a. the President.
b. mid-term elections.
c. appointed officials and career government workers.
d. members of Congress.
e. critical national elections.









Answer: C

Max Weber felt that the dominant social and political reality of modern times was that

Max Weber felt that the dominant social and political reality of modern times was that

a. "the Establishment" was dominated by Wall Street lawyers.
b. all institutions have fallen under the control of large bureaucracies.
c. capitalism is essential to modern-day forms of government.
d. conflict increased between the government and the press.
e. a dialectical process made communism inevitable.









Answer: B

Which of the following statements is not consistent with Mills' position?

Which of the following statements is not consistent with Mills' position?

a. Corporate leaders are the primary, dominant nongovernmental influence in policy making.
b. Top military officials play an important role in the formulation of governmental policy.
c. The most important policies are made by a loose coalition of three groups.
d. A handful of key political leaders play an important role in the formulation of governmental policy.
e. Nongovernmental elites play an important role in the formulation of governmental policy.










Answer: A

C. Wright Mills, an American sociologist, suggests politics and government are dominated by

C. Wright Mills, an American sociologist, suggests politics and government are dominated by

a. the tyranny of the majority.
b. pork-barrel legislation.
c. a nocturnal council.
d. neo-Marxist policy.
e. the power elite.








Answer: E

Marx concluded "modern" societies generally feature a clash of power between

Marx concluded "modern" societies generally feature a clash of power between

a. farmers and industrialists.
b. capitalists and workers.
c. slaveowners and the landed aristocracy.
d. monarchists and anarchists.
e. intellectuals and spiritualists.









Answer: B

In the Marxist view government is a reflection of underlying ________ forces.

In the Marxist view government is a reflection of underlying ________ forces.

a. economic
b. political
c. ideological
d. social
e. teleological









Answer: A

Issues can be handled in a majoritarian fashion if

Issues can be handled in a majoritarian fashion if

a. they are important enough to command the attention of most citizens.
b. they are sufficiently clear to elicit an informed opinion from citizens.
c. they are sufficiently feasible to address so that what citizens want can in fact be done.
d. all of the above.
e. none of the above.









Answer: D

The Founders might agree that ______ ought to hinge on popular vote.

The Founders might agree that ______ ought to hinge on popular vote.

a. the right to a fair trial
b. freedom of speech
c. freedom of press
d. freedom of religion
e. none of the above









Answer: E

The Founders granted that representative democracy would

The Founders granted that representative democracy would

a. prevent factions from having any influence on government.
b. prevent sweeping changes in policy.
c. result in highly controversial elections.
d. often proceed slowly.
e. B and D.










Answer: E

The text suggests the Founders thought the government should ____ popular views.

The text suggests the Founders thought the government should ____ popular views.

a. reflect
b. enlarge
c. minimize
d. mediate
e. be guided by










Answer: D

In sharp contrast to the United States, very few offices in some European democracies are

In sharp contrast to the United States, very few offices in some European democracies are

a. elective.
b. appointive.
c. full-time.
d. constitutional.
e. structured.







Answer: A

The text suggests representative democracy is justified by all of the following concerns except that

The text suggests representative democracy is justified by all of the following concerns except that

a. the people have limited information and expertise.
b. direct democracy is impractical.
c. the people may decide large issues on the basis of fleeting passions.
d. the people cannot choose among competing leadership groups.
e. the people may respond to popular demagogues.








Answer: D

If you fear that people often decide big issues on the basis of fleeting passions and in response to demagogues, you are likely to agree with

If you fear that people often decide big issues on the basis of fleeting passions and in response to demagogues, you are likely to agree with

a. recall elections.
b. the New England town meeting.
c. the referendum.
d. participatory democracy.
e. many of the Framers of the Constitution.









Answer: E

Sometimes, representative democracy is disapprovingly referred to as the ________ theory of Democracy.

Sometimes, representative democracy is disapprovingly referred to as the ________ theory of Democracy.

a. institutional
b. elitist
c. popular
d. Aristotelian
e. Jeffersonian











Answer: B

Which of the following is a basic tenet of representative democracy?

Which of the following is a basic tenet of representative democracy?

a. Individuals should acquire power through competition for the people's vote.
b. It is unreasonable to expect people to choose among competing leadership groups.
c. Government officials should represent the true interests of their clients.
d. The middle class gains representation at the expense of the poor and minorities.
e. Public elections should be held on every issue directly affecting the lives of voters.




Answer: A

In the ancient Greek city-state, the right to vote was not extended to

In the ancient Greek city-state, the right to vote was not extended to

a. those who did not own property.
b. women.
c. minors.
d. slaves.
e. All of the above.








Answer: E

Aristotle's notion of democracy is also referred to as

Aristotle's notion of democracy is also referred to as

a. New York Democracy.
b. direct democracy.
c. commoner democracy.
d. participatory democracy.
e. b and d.







Answer: E

In Aristotle's view, democracy would consist of

In Aristotle's view, democracy would consist of

a. the effective representation of the interests of the whole population.
b. political representation by all individuals in a society, regardless of race, age, or gender.
c. participation by all or most citizens in either holding office or making policy.
d. an elite group of policy makers elected by the will of the people.
e. a nocturnal council that made decisions without regard to public opinion.









Answer: C

Americans seem to agree that the exercise of political power at any level is legitimate only if, in some sense, it is

Americans seem to agree that the exercise of political power at any level is legitimate only if, in some sense, it is

a. systematic.
b. democratic.
c. bipartisan.
d. partisan.
e. traditional.







Answer: B

A survey of 450 history and political science professors resulted in ___________ being listed as the most significant achievement of government since 1950.

A survey of 450 history and political science professors resulted in ___________ being listed as the most significant achievement of government since 1950.

a. devolution
b. female suffrage
c. social security
d. the reduction of the federal deficit
e. the rebuilding of Europe







Answer: E

Which of the following statements about authority is correct?

Which of the following statements about authority is correct?

a. It is defined as the right to use power.
b. It resides in government, not in the private sector.
c. It typically results from the naked use of force.
d. It is the opposite of legitimacy.
e. All of the above.








Answer: A

Which of the following statements concerning power is correct?

Which of the following statements concerning power is correct?

a. Its exercise can sometimes be obvious.
b. It can be exercised in subtle ways.
c. It involves a person getting another person to act in accordance with the first person's wishes.
d. It is found in all human relationships.
e. All of the above.








Answer: E

What do the authors define as "the ability of one person to get another person to act in accordance with the first person's intentions"?

What do the authors define as "the ability of one person to get another person to act in accordance with the first person's intentions"?

a. authority
b. power
c. influence
d. legitimacy
e. legislation









Answer: B

Most national political officeholders are middle-class, middle-aged, white Protestant males. Knowing this, we

Most national political officeholders are middle-class, middle-aged, white Protestant males. Knowing this, we

a. still cannot explain many important policies.
b. have identified the power elite.
c. can answer the question, "To what ends?"
d. can predict little of importance to politics.
e. can predict most of the policies that come out of Washington.







Answer: A

Today, on average, Americans pay _____ percent of their income to federal payroll taxes.

Today, on average, Americans pay _____ percent of their income to federal payroll taxes.

a. 1
b. 4
c. 21
d. 75
e. 83








Answer: C

Which statement best describes the performance of the government in the aftermath of the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the United States?

Which statement best describes the performance of the government in the aftermath of the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the United States?

a. Bipartisan homeland security policies and programs were adopted immediately.
b. A fraction of the bipartisan homeland security policies and programs were implemented after many years of debate.
c. Recommendations with respect to homeland security were summarily rejected.
d. Almost all of the bipartisan homeland security policies and programs were implemented within a year.
e. Homeland security prog








Answer: B

A student observes a wormlike organism crawling about on dead organic matter. Later, the organism sheds its outer covering. One possibility is that the organism is a larval insect (like a maggot). However, it might be a member of the phylum ________, and one way to distinguish between the two possibilities is by looking for ________.

A student observes a wormlike organism crawling about on dead organic matter. Later, the organism sheds its outer covering. One possibility is that the organism is a larval insect (like a maggot). However, it might be a member of the phylum ________, and one way to distinguish between the two possibilities is by looking for ________. 

A) Platyhelminthes; a cuticle of chitin
B) Nematoda; an alimentary canal
C) Annelida; a body cavity
D) Nematoda; a circulatory system
E) Annelida; muscle in the body wall







Answer: D

Nematode worms and annelid worms share which of the following features?

Nematode worms and annelid worms share which of the following features? 

A) use of fluid in the body cavity as a hydrostatic skeleton
B) ecdysis
C) presence of a circulatory system
D) presence of segmentation
E) absence of species with parasitic lifestyles





Answer: A

How many of the following can be used to distinguish a nematode worm from an annelid worm? 1. type of body cavity 2. number of muscle layers in the body wall 3. presence of segmentation 4. number of embryonic tissue layers 5. shape of worm in cross-sectional view

How many of the following can be used to distinguish a nematode worm from an annelid worm?
1. type of body cavity
2. number of muscle layers in the body wall
3. presence of segmentation
4. number of embryonic tissue layers
5. shape of worm in cross-sectional view 

A) one of these
B) two of these
C) three of these
D) four of these
E) five of these






Answer: C

Humans most frequently acquire trichinosis by

Humans most frequently acquire trichinosis by 

A) having sexual contact with an infected partner.
B) eating undercooked pork.
C) inhaling the eggs of worms.
D) eating undercooked beef.
E) being bitten by tsetse flies.





Answer: B

Which of the following is a characteristic of nematodes?

Which of the following is a characteristic of nematodes?

A) All species can be characterized as scavengers.
B) They have only longitudinal muscles.
C) They have a true coelom.
D) They have a gastrovascular cavity.
E) Many species are diploblastic.







Answer: B

Which of the following is found only among annelids?

Which of the following is found only among annelids? 

A) a hydrostatic skeleton
B) segmentation
C) a clitellum
D) a closed circulatory system
E) a cuticle made of chitin






Answer: C

A radula is present in members of which clade(s)?

A radula is present in members of which clade(s)? 

A) chitons
B) bivalves
C) gastropods
D) cephalopods
E) both chitons and gastropods







Answer: E

A terrestrial mollusc without a shell belongs to which clade?

A terrestrial mollusc without a shell belongs to which clade? 

A) chitons
B) bivalves
C) gastropods
D) cephalopods





Answer: C

Which mollusc clade includes members that undergo embryonic torsion?

Which mollusc clade includes members that undergo embryonic torsion? 

A) chitons
B) bivalves
C) gastropods
D) cephalopods






Answer: C

If a lung were to be found in a mollusc, where would it be located?

If a lung were to be found in a mollusc, where would it be located? 

A) mantle cavity
B) coelom
C) incurrent siphon
D) visceral mass
E) excurrent siphon








Answer: A

A brachiopod can be distinguished from a bivalve by the presence of

A brachiopod can be distinguished from a bivalve by the presence of 

A) two hinged shells.
B) a digestive system with separate mouth and anus.
C) a lophophore.
D) suspension feeding.
E) a distinct head.







Answer: C

While sampling marine plankton in a lab, a student encounters large numbers of fertilized eggs. The student rears some of the eggs in the laboratory for further study and finds that the blastopore becomes the mouth. The embryo develops into a trochophore larva and eventually has a true coelom. These eggs probably belonged to a(n)

While sampling marine plankton in a lab, a student encounters large numbers of fertilized eggs. The student rears some of the eggs in the laboratory for further study and finds that the blastopore becomes the mouth. The embryo develops into a trochophore larva and eventually has a true coelom. These eggs probably belonged to a(n) 

A) chordate.
B) echinoderm.
C) mollusc.
D) nematode.
E) arthropod.






Answer: C

The larvae of many common tapeworm species that infect humans are usually found

The larvae of many common tapeworm species that infect humans are usually found 

A) encysted in freshwater snails.
B) encysted in the muscles of an animal, such as a cow or pig.
C) crawling in the abdominal blood vessels of cows and pigs.
D) crawling in the intestines of cows and pigs.







Answer: B

What would be the most effective method of reducing the incidence of blood flukes in a human population?

What would be the most effective method of reducing the incidence of blood flukes in a human population? 

A) reduce the mosquito population
B) reduce the freshwater snail population
C) purify all drinking water
D) avoid contact with rodent droppings
E) carefully wash all raw fruits and vegetables






Answer: B

Planarians lack dedicated respiratory and circulatory systems because

Planarians lack dedicated respiratory and circulatory systems because 

A) none of their cells are far removed from the gastrovascular cavity or from the external environment.
B) they lack mesoderm as embryos and, therefore, lack the adult tissues derived from mesoderm.
C) their flame bulbs can carry out respiratory and circulatory functions.
D) their body cavity, a pseudocoelom, carries out these functions.






Answer: A

The excretory organs of annelids are

The excretory organs of annelids are 

A) protonephridia.
B) flame bulbs.
C) metanephridia.
D) skin gills.
E) malpighian tubules.






Answer: C

Against which hard structure do the circular and longitudinal muscles of annelids work?

Against which hard structure do the circular and longitudinal muscles of annelids work? 

A) bristles
B) cuticle
C) shell
D) endoskeleton
E) hydrostatic skeleton






Answer: E

The organ(s) of respiratory gas exchange in oligochaetes is (are)

The organ(s) of respiratory gas exchange in oligochaetes is (are) 

A) parapodia.
B) gills.
C) the skin.
D) book lungs.
E) pairs of hollow bristles.







Answer: C

Which characteristic(s) is (are) shared by both cnidarians and flatworms?

Which characteristic(s) is (are) shared by both cnidarians and flatworms? 

A) dorsoventrally flattened bodies
B) true muscle
C) radial symmetry
D) a digestive system with a single opening
E) two of these







Answer: D

Corals are most closely related to which group?

Corals are most closely related to which group? 

A) jellies
B) freshwater hydras
C) sea anemones
D) sponges
E) barnacles






Answer: C

Which clade in the phylum Cnidaria includes "jellies" with rounded (as opposed to boxlike) medusae?

Which clade in the phylum Cnidaria includes "jellies" with rounded (as opposed to boxlike) medusae? 

A) Hydrozoa
B) Scyphozoa
C) Anthozoa
D) Cubozoa




Answer: B

The members of which clade in the phylum Cnidaria occur only as polyps?

The members of which clade in the phylum Cnidaria occur only as polyps? 

A) Hydrozoa
B) Scyphozoa
C) Anthozoa
D) Cubozoa






Answer: C

Which of the following is true of members of the phylum Cnidaria?

Which of the following is true of members of the phylum Cnidaria? 

A) They are not capable of locomotion because they lack true muscle tissue.
B) They are primarily filter feeders.
C) They have either, or both, of two body forms: mobile polyps and sessile medusae.
D) They may use a gastrovascular cavity as a hydrostatic skeleton.
E) They are the simplest organisms with a complete alimentary canal (two openings).







Answer: D

How many of the following are characteristics of at least some members of the phylum Cnidaria? 1. a gastrovascular cavity 2. a polyp stage 3. a medusa stage 4. cnidocytes 5. a pseudocoelom

How many of the following are characteristics of at least some members of the phylum Cnidaria?
1. a gastrovascular cavity
2. a polyp stage
3. a medusa stage
4. cnidocytes
5. a pseudocoelom 

A) one of these
B) two of these
C) three of these
D) four of these
E) five of these







Answer: D

Sponges are most accurately described as

Sponges are most accurately described as 

A) marine predators.
B) marine filter feeders.
C) freshwater scavengers.
D) aquatic filter feeders.
E) aquatic predators.






Answer: D

In terms of food capture, which sponge cell is most similar to the cnidocyte of a cnidarian?

In terms of food capture, which sponge cell is most similar to the cnidocyte of a cnidarian? 

A) amoebocyte
B) choanocyte
C) epidermal cell
D) pore cell







Answer: B

Which chemical is synthesized by some sponges and acts as an antibiotic?

Which chemical is synthesized by some sponges and acts as an antibiotic? 

A) streptomycin
B) spongin
C) calcium carbonate
D) silica
E) cribrostatin




Answer: E

How many of the following can be observed in the mesohyl of various undisturbed sponges at one time or another? 1. amoebocytes 2. spicules 3. spongin 4. zygotes 5. choanocytes

How many of the following can be observed in the mesohyl of various undisturbed sponges at one time or another?
1. amoebocytes
2. spicules
3. spongin
4. zygotes
5. choanocytes 

A) one of these
B) two of these
C) three of these
D) four of these
E) five of these




Answer: D

A sponge's structural materials (spicules, spongin) are manufactured by the

A sponge's structural materials (spicules, spongin) are manufactured by the 

A) pore cells.
B) epidermal cells.
C) choanocytes.
D) amoebocytes.






Answer: D

Which of the following was probably the least important factor in bringing about the Cambrian explosion?

Which of the following was probably the least important factor in bringing about the Cambrian explosion? 

A) the emergence of predator-prey relationships among animals
B) the accumulation of diverse adaptations, such as shells and different modes of locomotion
C) the movement of animals onto land
D) the origin of Hox genes and other genetic changes affecting the regulation of developmental genes
E) the accumulation of sufficient atmospheric oxygen to support the more active metabolism of mobile animals




Answer: C

Acoelomates are characterized by

Acoelomates are characterized by 

A) the absence of a brain.
B) the absence of mesoderm.
C) deuterostome development.
D) a coelom that is not completely lined with mesoderm.
E) a solid body without a cavity surrounding internal organs.







Answer: E

The distinction between sponges and other animal phyla is based mainly on the absence versus the presence of

The distinction between sponges and other animal phyla is based mainly on the absence versus the presence of 

A) a body cavity.
B) a complete digestive tract.
C) a circulatory system.
D) true tissues.
E) mesoderm.





Answer: D

Among the characteristics unique to animals is

Among the characteristics unique to animals is 

A) gastrulation.
B) multicellularity.
C) sexual reproduction.
D) flagellated sperm.
E) heterotrophic nutrition.






Answer: A

The most recently discovered phylum in the animal kingdom (1995) is the phylum Cycliophora. It includes three species of tiny organisms that live in large numbers on the outsides of the mouthparts and appendages of lobsters. The feeding stage permanently attaches to the lobster via an adhesive disk, and collects scraps of food from its host's feeding by capturing the scraps in a current created by a ring of cilia. The body is sac-like and has a U-shaped intestine that brings the anus close to the mouth. Cycliophorans are eucoelomate, do not molt (though their host does), and their embryos undergo spiral cleavage.

The most recently discovered phylum in the animal kingdom (1995) is the phylum Cycliophora. It includes three species of tiny organisms that live in large numbers on the outsides of the mouthparts and appendages of lobsters. The feeding stage permanently attaches to the lobster via an adhesive disk, and collects scraps of food from its host's feeding by capturing the scraps in a current created by a ring of cilia. The body is sac-like and has a U-shaped intestine that brings the anus close to the mouth. Cycliophorans are eucoelomate, do not molt (though their host does), and their embryos undergo spiral cleavage. 

Which of these features is least useful in assigning the phylum Cycliophora to a clade of animals? 

A) having a true coelom as a body cavity
B) having a body symmetry that permits a U-shaped intestine
C) having embryos with spiral cleavage
D) lacking ecdysis (molting)

Answer: A

Basing your inferences on information in the previous paragraph, to which clade(s) should cycliophorans belong? 

1. Eumetazoa
2. Deuterostomia
3. Bilateria
4. Ecdysozoa
5. Lophotrochozoa

A) 1 only
B) 1 and 3
C) 1, 3, and 5
D) 2, 3, and 4
E) 2, 3, and 5


Answer: C

If harboring large populations of cycliophorans neither helps nor harms their lobster hosts, then cycliophorans can be properly considered to be 

1. parasites.
2. mutualists.
3. commensals.
4. symbionts.
5. endosymbionts.

A) 1 and 4
B) 2 and 4
C) 3 and 4
D) 2 and 5
E) 3 and 5


Answer: C

On the basis of the cleavage pattern of cycliophoran embryos, which of these should be true? 

A) It has determinate development. 

B) The blastopore becomes the anus.
C) They are deuterostomes.
D) A cell separated from a four-cell embryo should develop into a complete organism.


Answer: A

Using similarities in embryonic development, body symmetry, and other anatomical features to assign an organism to a clade involves 

1. cladistics based on body plan.
2. molecular-based phylogeny.
3. morphology-based phylogeny.

A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) 3 only
D) 1 and 2
E) 1 and 3


Answer: E

Which of these, if discovered among cycliophorans, would cause the most confusion concerning our current understanding of cycliophoran taxonomy? 

A) if the ciliated feeding ring is a lophophore
B) if embryos are diploblastic
C) if the body cavity is actually a pseudocoelom
D) if the organisms show little apparent cephalization


Answer: B

What is true of the feeding stage of cycliophorans? 

1. It is chemoheterotrophic.
2. It is sessile.
3. It captures food in a manner similar to that of animals with lophophores.
4. It has radial symmetry.

A) 1 and 2
B) 1 and 3
C) 2 and 4
D) 1, 2, and 3
E) 2, 3, and 4


Answer: D

Cycliophorans have two types of larvae. One type of larva is produced when the digestive system of a female is impregnated by a male. The digestive system then collapses and develops into a larva, which swims away in search of a new host after the surrounding female dies. Which is the embryonic tissue that is apparently most important in forming this type of larva? 

A) mesohyl
B) mesoderm
C) ectoderm
D) endoderm
E) mesoglea


Answer: D

A student encounters an animal embryo at the eight-cell stage. The four smaller cells that comprise one hemisphere of the embryo seem to be rotated 45 degrees and to lie in the grooves between larger, underlying cells (i.e., spiral cleavage).

A student encounters an animal embryo at the eight-cell stage. The four smaller cells that comprise one hemisphere of the embryo seem to be rotated 45 degrees and to lie in the grooves between larger, underlying cells (i.e., spiral cleavage). 

This embryo may potentially develop into a(n) 

A) turtle.
B) earthworm.
C) sea star.
D) fish.
E) sea urchin.


Answer: B

If we were to separate these eight cells and attempt to culture them individually, then what is most likely to happen? 

A) All eight cells will die immediately.
B) Each cell may continue development, but only into a nonviable embryo that lacks many parts.
C) Each cell may develop into a full-sized, normal embryo.
D) Each cell may develop into a smaller-than-average, but otherwise normal, embryo.


Answer: B

Trichoplax adhaerens (Tp) is the only living species in the phylum Placozoa. Individuals are about 1 mm wide and only 27 µm high, are irregularly shaped, and consist of a total of about 2,000 cells, which are diploid (2n = 12). There are four types of cells, none of which are nerve or muscle cells, and none of which have cell walls. They move using cilia, and any "edge" can lead. Tp feeds on marine microbes, mostly unicellular green algae, by crawling atop the algae and trapping it between its ventral surface and the substrate. Enzymes are then secreted onto the algae, and the resulting nutrients are absorbed. Tp sperm cells have never been observed, nor have embryos past the 64-cell (blastula) stage.

Trichoplax adhaerens (Tp) is the only living species in the phylum Placozoa. Individuals are about 1 mm wide and only 27 µm high, are irregularly shaped, and consist of a total of about 2,000 cells, which are diploid (2n = 12). There are four types of cells, none of which are nerve or muscle cells, and none of which have cell walls. They move using cilia, and any "edge" can lead. Tp feeds on marine microbes, mostly unicellular green algae, by crawling atop the algae and trapping it between its ventral surface and the substrate. Enzymes are then secreted onto the algae, and the resulting nutrients are absorbed. Tp sperm cells have never been observed, nor have embryos past the 64-cell (blastula) stage. 

If Tp sperm are observed by future researchers, how many chromosomes should be found in a Tp sperm nucleus? 

A) 2
B) 3
C) 6
D) 12
Answer: C

In how many of the following ways is Tp unlike the typical animal? 

1. Tp is multicellular.
2. Tp lacks muscle and nerve cells.
3. Tp has cilia.
4. Tp has a different place where digestion of food occurs.
5. Tp lacks cell walls.

A) only one way
B) two ways
C) three ways
D) four ways
E) all five ways


Answer: B

On the basis of information in the previous paragraph, which of these should be able to be observed in Tp? 

A) the act of fertilization
B) the process of gastrulation
C) eggs
D) All three of the responses above are correct.
E) Two of the responses above are correct.


Answer: C

In its native environment, a Tp cell neither gains nor loses water. What should one expect to occur when Tp is placed into fresh water? 

A) no change from the above, as fresh water is its native environment
B) lysis
C) plasmolysis
D) slight shrinkage


Answer: B

Tp's body symmetry seems to be most like that of A) most sponges. 

B) cnidarians.
C) worms.
D) tetrapods.
E) Two of the responses above are correct.


Answer: A

In an experiment, several Tp individuals were stained different colors. The stained individuals were then passed through a strainer, disaggregated to the level of single cells, and collected into a common container of seawater. Which subsequent finding would be most surprising if the Tp individuals used in this experiment had been produced by sexual, rather than asexual, means? 

A) If all of the cells from a given individual reaggregated to form the same individual, and if each cell had retained its original identity, as far as cell type goes. 

B) If all of the cells from a given individual reaggregated to form the same individual, but if each cell had a different identity than it had before disaggregation.
C) If cells from different original individuals reaggregated together to form new individual organisms.
D) If cells from different original individuals reaggregated together to form new species.


Answer: C

Cycliophorans have two types of larvae. One type of larva?the Prometheus larva?develops into a male. The male, which lacks a digestive system, attaches to the outside of a feeding stage (a female) and impregnates her digestive system, which develops into a different type of larva. What must be true of the digestive system of the feeding-stage female while she is still a virgin? 1. At least some of its cells are haploid. 2. It consists only of highly specialized cells. 3. It is the same size as the male.

Cycliophorans have two types of larvae. One type of larva?the Prometheus larva?develops into a male. The male, which lacks a digestive system, attaches to the outside of a feeding stage (a female) and impregnates her digestive system, which develops into a different type of larva. What must be true of the digestive system of the feeding-stage female while she is still a virgin?
1. At least some of its cells are haploid.
2. It consists only of highly specialized cells.
3. It is the same size as the male. 

A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) 3 only
D) 1 and 3
E) 2 and 3






Answer: A

Some researchers claim that sponge genomes have homeotic genes, but no Hox genes. If true, this finding would

Some researchers claim that sponge genomes have homeotic genes, but no Hox genes. If true, this finding would 

A) strengthen sponges' evolutionary ties to the Eumetazoa.
B) mean that sponges must no longer be classified as animals.
C) confirm the identity of sponges as "basal animals."
D) mean that extinct sponges must have been the last common ancestor of animals and fungi.
E) require sponges to be reclassified as choanoflagellates.






Answer: C

Which of these, if true, would support the claim that the ancestral cnidarians had bilateral symmetry? 1. Cnidarian larvae possess anterior-posterior, left-right, and dorsal-ventral aspects. 2. Cnidarians have fewer Hox genes than bilaterians. 3. All extant cnidarians, including Nematostella, are diploblastic. 4. ß-catenin turns out to be essential for gastrulation in all animals in which it occurs. 5. All cnidarians are acoelomate.

Which of these, if true, would support the claim that the ancestral cnidarians had bilateral symmetry?
1. Cnidarian larvae possess anterior-posterior, left-right, and dorsal-ventral aspects.
2. Cnidarians have fewer Hox genes than bilaterians.
3. All extant cnidarians, including Nematostella, are diploblastic.
4. ß-catenin turns out to be essential for gastrulation in all animals in which it occurs.
5. All cnidarians are acoelomate. 

A) 1 only
B) 1 and 4
C) 2 and 3
D) 2 and 4
E) 4 and 5





Answer: B

The last common ancestor of all bilaterians is thought to have had four Hox genes. Most extant cnidarians have two Hox genes, except Nematostella (of ß-catenin fame), which has three Hox genes. On the basis of these observations, some have proposed that the ancestral cnidarians were originally bilateral and, in stages, lost Hox genes from their genomes. If true, this would mean that

The last common ancestor of all bilaterians is thought to have had four Hox genes. Most extant cnidarians have two Hox genes, except Nematostella (of ß-catenin fame), which has three Hox genes. On the basis of these observations, some have proposed that the ancestral cnidarians were originally bilateral and, in stages, lost Hox genes from their genomes. If true, this would mean that 

A) Radiata should be a true clade.
B) the radial symmetry of extant cnidarians is secondarily derived, rather than being an ancestral trait.
C) Hox genes play little actual role in coding for an animal's "body plan."
D) Cnidaria may someday replace Acoela as the basal bilaterians.
E) Two of the responses above are correct.





Answer: E

Which distinction is given more emphasis by the morphological phylogeny than by the molecular phylogeny?

Which distinction is given more emphasis by the morphological phylogeny than by the molecular phylogeny?

A) metazoan and eumetazoan
B) radial and bilateral
C) true coelom and pseudocoelom
D) protostome and deuterostome
E) molting and lack of molting






Answer: D

What is true of the clade Ecdysozoa?

What is true of the clade Ecdysozoa? 

A) It includes all animals that molt at some time during their lives.
B) It includes all animals that undergo metamorphosis at some time during their lives.
C) It includes all animals that have body cavities known as pseudocoeloms.
D) It includes all animals with genetic similarities that are shared with no other animals.
E) It includes all animals in the former clade Protostomia that truly do have protostome development.






Answer: D

If the current molecular evidence regarding animal origins is well-substantiated in the future, then what will be true of any contrary evidence regarding the origin of animals derived from the fossil record?

If the current molecular evidence regarding animal origins is well-substantiated in the future, then what will be true of any contrary evidence regarding the origin of animals derived from the fossil record? 

A) The contrary fossil evidence will be seen as a hoax.
B) The fossil evidence will be understood to have been incorrect because it is incomplete.
C) The fossil record will henceforth be ignored.
D) Phylogenies involving even the smallest bit of fossil evidence will need to be discarded.
E) Only phylogenies based solely on fossil evidence will need to be discarded.




Answer: B

Which of the following statements concerning animal taxonomy is (are) true? 1. Animals are more closely related to plants than to fungi. 2. All animal clades based on body plan have been found to be incorrect. 3. Kingdom Animalia is monophyletic. 4. Only animals reproduce by sexual means. 5. Animals are thought to have evolved from flagellated protists similar to modern choanoflagellates.

Which of the following statements concerning animal taxonomy is (are) true?
1. Animals are more closely related to plants than to fungi.
2. All animal clades based on body plan have been found to be incorrect.
3. Kingdom Animalia is monophyletic.
4. Only animals reproduce by sexual means.
5. Animals are thought to have evolved from flagellated protists similar to modern choanoflagellates. 

A) 5 only
B) 1 and 3
C) 3 and 5
D) 3, 4, and 5





Answer: C

If a multicellular animal lacks true tissues, then it can properly be included among the

If a multicellular animal lacks true tissues, then it can properly be included among the 

A) eumetazoans.
B) metazoans.
C) choanoflagellates.
D) lophotrochozoans.
E) bilateria.





Answer: B

According to the evidence collected so far, the animal kingdom is

According to the evidence collected so far, the animal kingdom is 

A) monophyletic.
B) paraphyletic.
C) polyphyletic.
D) euphyletic.
E) multiphyletic.






Answer: A

Phylogenetic trees are best described as

Phylogenetic trees are best described as 

A) true and inerrant statements about evolutionary relationships.
B) hypothetical portrayals of evolutionary relationships.
C) the most accurate representations possible of genetic relationships among taxa.
D) theories of evolution.
E) the closest things to absolute certainty that modern systematics can produce.






Answer: B

What does recent evidence from molecular systematics reveal about the relationship between grades and clades?

What does recent evidence from molecular systematics reveal about the relationship between grades and clades? 

A) There is no relationship.
B) Some, but not all, grades reflect evolutionary relatedness.
C) Grades have their basis in, and flow from, clades.
D) Each branch point on a phylogenetic tree is associated with the evolution of a new grade.






Answer: B

With the current molecular-based phylogeny in mind, rank the following from most inclusive to least inclusive. 1. ecdysozoan 2. protostome 3. eumetazoan 4. triploblastic

With the current molecular-based phylogeny in mind, rank the following from most inclusive to least inclusive.
1. ecdysozoan
2. protostome
3. eumetazoan
4. triploblastic 

A) 4, 2, 3, 1
B) 4, 3, 1, 2
C) 3, 4, 1, 2
D) 3, 4, 2, 1
E) 4, 3, 2, 1






Answer: D

The most ancient branch point in animal phylogeny is that between having

The most ancient branch point in animal phylogeny is that between having 

A) radial or bilateral symmetry.
B) a well-defined head or no head.
C) diploblastic or triploblastic embryos.
D) true tissues or no tissues.
E) a body cavity or no body cavity.






Answer: D

Protostome characteristics generally include which of the following?

Protostome characteristics generally include which of the following? 

A) a mouth that develops secondarily, and far away from the blastopore
B) radial body symmetry
C) radial cleavage
D) determinate cleavage
E) absence of a body cavity






Answer: D

Which of the following characteristics generally applies to protostome development?

Which of the following characteristics generally applies to protostome development? 

A) radial cleavage
B) determinate cleavage
C) diploblastic embryo
D) blastopore becomes the anus
E) archenteron absent






Answer: B